How can you tell when a horse is feeling stressed? It's all in the eyes and the way their eyelids twitch, University of Guelph researchers have discovered.
The research team found that a horse will blink less and twitch its eyelids more when it's under mild stress -- a new finding that could offer handlers a simple, easy-to-spot sign that their animal is becoming agitated, the university said.
The study, published in the journal Animals, is thought to be the first to reveal the significance of eyelid twitches as an indicator of stress, said lead author Katrina Merkies, a professor in the department of animal biosciences within the university's Ontario Agricultural College.
"With humans, we already know our blinking changes when we are under pressure. Some studies have shown we blink more when agitated, while others found we blink less. We wanted to see if horses blink rates change too," Merkies said.
Although many horse handlers can tell when their animals are agitated, it can sometimes be hard to get a good read on a horse's mood, particularly if the animal has been well trained, she noted.
"When we train horses, we specifically teach them to suppress their stress responses because we don't want horses to react when they are startled or nervous. Even if they've learned to suppress their reaction, it doesn't actually decrease the stress they feel," she said.
While stress can be measured through heart rate monitors or blood cortisol levels, Merkies and her team wanted a non-invasive measurement, so they decided to test whether a horse's eyes could offer clues.
They recruited 33 horses of various breeds from three riding lesson facilities in eastern Ontario and exposed them to three mildly stressful scenarios.
In the first, a ball was thrown in front of the horse in an attempt to startle the animal. In the next, the horse was visually separated from its herd for a few minutes. In the third, the horse's food was withheld for three minutes at feeding time, while its herd mates were allowed to begin eating.
The researchers filmed the horses, watching for changes in eye and ear movement, head tilt and general restlessness.
They found that withholding the feed for a few minutes was the most stressful for the horse, as indicated by its increased heart rate, restlessness and head movement, the announcement said. Conversely, separation and the startle test evoked little response.
"It's important to remember these were riding school horses, so they were used to being startled and being separated, but the withholding of food was new, so that's likely why they became stressed," Merkies said.
When the researchers reviewed videos of the horses' eyes during feed withholding, they noticed that the horses blinked less but twitched their upper eyelids more.
On average, the horses' full blink rate decreased to an average of five blinks per minute during the stress, compared to the eight to nine times per minute when relaxed. During feed restriction, when the horses felt the most stress, their eyelid twitches increased from an average of two twitches per minute to six twitches per minute. There was no increase in eyelid twitches with the other stress tests.
Merkies said she hopes her team's finding will help horse handlers looking for simple ways to gauge their animals' moods.
"There's no one measure that is going to tell us everything, but this is another tool we can add to the toolbox that we can use together to understand our animals better," she said.
